Fall Acclimation and the Lift/Store Pathway: Effect on Reforestation

This review compares fall acclimation patterns and lift/store practices for Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss x P. engelmannii Parry ex engelm and Pinus taeda L. seedlings. Spruce seedlings achieve budset and an endodormant state in late summer, coastal Douglas-fir in early fall, while loblolly pine achieves a less endodormant state with a limited amount of mitotic activity. Natural chilling during the fall reduces days to budbreak (DBB) and increases freezing tolerance, with northern species achieving greater freezing tolerance. Although root growth potential (RGP) in some years may increase from early fall to mid-winter, this trend does not always occur. Chilling hours and/or freezing tolerance status is used to initiate storage of Douglas-fir and spruce seedlings but there is no proven attribute to make the lifting decision for loblolly pine. When properly hardened, all species can be cooler stored to meet lift/store requirements of a few months, though fall lifted interior spruce seedlings are typically freezer stored for up to six months. Lengthy storage can cause declines in DBB, freezing tolerance, RGP, and carbohydrate reserves. Douglas-fir and interior spruce seedlings require an appropriate length of fall acclimation, typically including chilling, to develop a level of hardiness for lengthy storage and high survival after outplanting. Loblolly pine seedlings benefit from chilling, though non-chilled, hardened seedlings may exhibit high survival after four weeks of cooler storage. Each species has a unique fall acclimation pattern making it difficult to define universal culture practices across all regional forest regeneration